You can use any name you like (excluding official documents and bank accounts) as long as it's not for the purpose of fraud.
You can formally register a change of name with Births, Deaths and Marriages and be issued with a new birth certificate.
Both parents (listed on the birth certificate) must consent to changing the name of a child under 18.
Married women can revert back to their original surname without formally registering with Births, Deaths and Marriages.
NOTE: Most official agencies (Centrelink, Tax Office, Medicare etc.) will have a record of all your different names. Changing a name doesn't give you a "new identity".